Training Material for UN Open GIS Spiral 3

General Info
The OSGeo UN Committee promotes the development and use of open source software that meets UN needs and supports the aims of the UN. Following a meeting between OSGeo Board of Directors and the UN GIS team at FOSS4G in Seoul, Korea in September 2015, the Committee has mainly worked on the UN Open GIS Initiative, a project “...to identify and develop an Open Source GIS bundle that meets the requirements of UN operations, taking full advantage of the expertise of mission partners including partner nations, technology contributing countries, international organisations, academia, NGOs, private sector. The strategic approach shall be developed with best and shared principles, standards and ownership in a prioritized manner that addresses capability gaps and needs without duplicating efforts of other Member States or entities. The UN Open GIS Initiative strategy shall collaboratively and cooperatively develop, validate, assess, migrate and implement sound technical capabilities with all the appropriate documentation and training that in the end provides a united effort to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of utilizing Open Source GIS around the world.” (more details at [ https://wiki.osgeo.org/wiki/UnitedNations_Committee]).

Purpose of this document
This educational material is designed as a step-by-step software learning guide for the users of the UN uDig Processing Tool (GXT) for data elaboration. You can visit http://www.mangosystem.com:8080/gxt/udig_en/ for more information. GXT Toolbox for uDig is a plugin that provides geoprocessing functionalities of the GXT engine library. GXT is geoprocessing engine library written in Java to analyze geospatial data. It is based on the GeoTools library and provides OGC Web Processing Service (WPS) through GeoServer. GXT integrates seamlessly with Open Source Java GIS such as uDig GIS, 52° North Web Processing Service. Currently it supports more than 200 algorithms and KOPSS (Korea Planning Support System) Open API. GXT itself is a commercial product (server only) but desktop plugin is free for anyone who use uDig GIS.

The course is structured with content to suit novice, intermediate and advanced users.

Target Audience
The primary target audience is professionals at local, regional, national or international agencies especially those in developing countries.

License
This educational material was written by Silvia Franceschi and Andrea Antonello (HydroloGIS) with the menthorship of HaeKyong Kang of the Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements and Minpa Lee of MangoSystem, within the project of collaboration between the OSGEO foundation and UN institute under the framework of the UN OSGeo Challenge. It is distributed according to the CREATIVE COMMONS deed: Attribution - NoDerivs 2.0. According to this license type you are free to:


 * copy, distribute, display and perform the work
 * make commercial use of the work

Under the following conditions:


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For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder.

Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above. This is a human-readable summary of the Legal Code (the full license) that can be consulted at: website.

1. Introduction
This tutorial contains the description of the usage of some commands for environmental analysis of raster and vector data with the uDig Processing Toolbox. The purpose of this quick start document is to introduce the user in the use of the algorithms contained in the Processing Toolbox of uDig for environmental analysis in particular related to ecology and ecosystems identification.

The guide is not comprehensive in documenting the use and functionality of all the Processing Toolbox library. Rather, it is intended as a short introduction to guide a user through the initial steps of running some functions required to obtain information from the maps and to evaluate some main ecological quantities and indexes. The complete documentation on the use of each Processing Toolbox tool is given directly in the Graphical Interface of the commands.

In this tutorial, you will perform the following tasks:   preliminary operations   raster data analysis   NDVI   DTM and DTM derived data    vector data analysis   density   proximity analysis </li>  assign attributes </li>  interpolation on raster </li></ul> </li></ul>

The Korean dataset of the region around Seoul, is used as example. You can download the data from here. All the data used for this quick start are open access in order to give the user the possibility to replicate the same analysis on other places in the world without any cost. The analysis can be done also using more accurate data if available.

1.1. The uDig Processing Toolbox
The entire Processing Toolbox library is divided into 4 main sections:

  General Tools: set of generic tools to handle vector data.   Import </li>  Export </li>  Data Creation </li>  Calculation </li>  Graph </li>  Proximity Analysis </li>  Aggregation </li>  Extract </li>  Overlay Analysis </li>  Editing </li>  Utilities </li></ul>

</li> <li> Spatial Statistics: set of tools for statistics on vector layers considering the spatial distriution of the features. <ul> <li> Descriptive Statistics </li> <li> Point Pattern Analysis </li> <li> Global Spatial Autocorrelation </li> <li> Local Spatial Autocorrelation </li> <li> Spatial Relationship </li> <li> Spatial Distribution </li></ul>

</li> <li> Raster Tools: set of tools for raster based operations. <ul> <li> Descriptive Statistics </li> <li> Conversion </li> <li> Extract </li> <li> Conditional </li> <li> Distance </li> <li> Math </li> <li> Density </li> <li> Interpolation </li> <li> Surface Analysis </li> <li> Zonal Tools </li> <li> Utilities </li></ul> </li>

<li> GeoTools Processes: set of tools coming directly from the GeoTools library to manage and analyse directly geometries and vector and raster layers. <ul> <li> Geometry Processes </li> <li> Vector Processes </li> <li> Raster Processes </li></ul> </li></ul>

1.2. Preliminary operations
In the following section we illustrate some of the functions available in the Processing Toolbox of uDig using vector layers, satellite images and the DTM in tiff grid format and leading you running the further commands.

First of all get (or download) the Processing Toolbox dataset at processing_toolbox_tutorial_dataset.zip and unzip the content directly in a folder on your PC. The dataset covers an area around the city of Seoul in South Korea and contains three different type of information:
 * Landsat8 images LC08_L1TP_115034_20180721_20180731_01_T1.tar.gz: unzip and untar this file to obtain a folder containing all the 11 available bands of the Landsat8 images in WGS84/UTM zone 52N coordinate system EPSG:32652.
 * Aster Digital Elevation map (DTM at a resolution of 20 m) 20180814093648_947847400.zip: unzip this file and consider the geotif in LongLat WGS84 coordinate system EPSG:4326.
 * Open Street Map vector dataset south-korea-latest-free.shp.zip: unzip this file and consider the 18 shapefiles downloaded from the OSM website. The files are in LongLat WGS84 coordinate system EPSG:4326.

First of all you have to prepare a dedicated Project and Map in uDig. In order to obtain correct results of the processing tools it is recommended to convert all the dataset in a unique coordinate reference system. Since for the current use case the data have different coordinate reference systems, we choose to work with metric coordinate reference system UTM zone 52N, EPSG: 32652.

Before starting with the analysis please do the following preliminary operations:
 * 1) open uDig
 * 2) select the Catalog view from the available views of the main application (usually this is placed in the lower part of the main window)
 * 3) drag and drop the files of the Landsat8 images band 4 and 5, the DTM and the vector layers of landuse, natural points, roads and water ways from your File Manager into the Catalog view
 * 4) right click on the Landsat8 geotif and select Add to New Map or drag and drop it in the Layers view: this should open a new Map view with the coordinate reference system of the selected data source, in this case WGS84/UTM zone 52N (please take care that this is the projection of your working View)
 * 5) drag and drop the other files directly in the Map view or in the Layers view to visualize them all in the map.

uDig automatically reprojects the layers in the projection of the Map view, but only for visualization, the data remain in the original projection.

<div id="procToolbox01_01" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">



Figure 1. Create the Map view starting from the layer of the Landsat8 images.

<div id="procToolbox01_02" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">



Figure 2. Import of the test dataset in uDig, zoom to all layers.

1.2.1. Set up of the data of the dataset
Usually we use data from different sources therefore, very often the available information are on different coordinate reference systems (CRS) and on different/widen areas. To homogenize the works and assure that all the tools work perfectly it is reccommanded (at least) to reproject all the data in the same CRS and define a working area where to clip all the data.

Reproject reprojects the selected layer in the given CRS. There are two different versions of the tool specific for raster and vector layers available in:

Raster Tools → Utilities → Reproject The tool requires in input:
 * for raster layers:

<ol> <li> Input Raster layer: select the raster layer to reproject from the list of the raster layers available in the Map </li> <li> Target CRS: the target CRS, you can write it in the form of EPSG:32652 or click the at the end of the line to choose how to select it: <ul> <li> CRS form current Map </li> <li> CRS from layers → then select the layer </li> <li> select CRS → open the standar uDig window where to select the CRS </li></ul> </li> <li> Resample Type: default value is NEAREST, other options are BILINEAR and CUBIC </li> <li> Output Cell Size (optional): the size of the output raster if different from the original </li> <li> Forced CRS (optional): force the CRS of the input raster map to the one specified here in case the input file misses this information </li> <li> Output Raster: the path and name of the output raster layer. </li></ol>

It is important to fix the resolution of the output raster (Output Cell Size) especially with reprojection between systems using different measurement units (degree vs metric) and in any case to be sure to have squared cells in the output layer. Squared cells are mandatories if you want to use some analysis tools and in particular to use the tools of the HortonMachine library.

<div id="procToolbox01_03" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">

Figure 3. Execution of the Reproject command for the raster of DTM.

To open the graphical interface of the commands available in the list of the Processing Toolbox double click on the name of the tool you want to run. To run the tool click on the OK button after filling all the required input in the window. To exit the tool once executed, click on Cancel. The tool will run every time you click on the Ok button.

The output raster will be visualized all white, use the Styling System of uDig for a better visualization.

GeoTools Processes → Vector processes → Reproject
 * for vector layers:

<ol> <li> Feature layer: select the vector layer to reproject from the list of the vector layers available in the Map </li> <li> Forced CRS (optional): force the CRS of the input vector map to the one specified here in case the input file misses this information </li> <li> Target CRS: the target CRS, you can write it in the form of EPSG:32652 or click the at the end of the line to choose how to select it: <ul> <li> CRS form current Map </li> <li> CRS from layers → then select the layer </li> <li> select CRS → open the standar uDig window where to select the CRS </li></ul> </li> <li> Result: the path and name of the output vector layer. </li></ol>

<div id="procToolbox01_04" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">

Figure 4. Execution of the Reproject command for the vector of the landuse.

To go on with the tutorial please reproject using the same tool as for the landuse layer also the vector layers of:
 * gis_osm_natural_free_1
 * gis_osm_waterways_free_1
 * gis_osm_water_a_free_1
 * gis_osm_roads_free_1
 * gis_osm_landuse_a_free_1.

After reprojecting all the layers you can delete the original layers from the Layers view. To do this you can select all the layers or one layer at a time from the Layers view and select Delete from the context menu of the right mouse click. <div id="procToolbox01_05" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">

Figure 5. Delete some layers from the Layers view.

Clip extracts the features of the selected layer for a defined region. Before starting with the clipping we should define our working area as a polygon geometry. The standar process to do this operation in uDig is the following: <ol>

<li> create a new layer: Layer → Create </li> <li> define the characteristics of the new layer: <ul> <li> name: area_of_interest </li> <li> attributes: <ul> <li> name: String </li> <li> geometry: Polygon </li> <li> CRS: UTM zone 52N (EPSG: 32684) </li></ul> </li></ul> </li> <li> click on OK to add the new layer to the project </li> <li> select the editing tool to Create → Create Rectangle </li> <li> draw a rectangle in the area around Seoul (not too big but big enough to contain some of the natural points, see the picture). </li></ol>

The following image contains an example of the area of interest. <div id="horton01_06" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">

Figure 6. Example of the layer of the area of interest.

There is a new module in the Processing Toolbox developed to simplify this operation. In fact, the Geometry to Features tool can be used to automatically extract a polygon layer on the Map extent. General Tools → Import → Geometry to Features The tool requires in input: <ol> <li> Input Geometry (WKT): the geometry to import, click the at the end of the line to choose how to select it: <ul> <li> Point </li> <li> LineString </li> <li> Polygon: and then select the first option Polygon from Map’s Extent </li> <li> Geometry from Layers…​: select the layer or the features to use to create the new layer </li></ul> </li> <li> CRS (optional): the CRS of the input geometry if different from the one of the current Map </li> <li> Name (optional): name for the features in the new layer </li> <li> Single Part (optional): boolean variable to define if it is required to split multipart geometry to single parts, default is No </li> <li> Result Features: the path and name of the output layer containing the new features. </li></ol> <div id="horton01_15" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">



Figure 7. Execution of the Geometry to Features command to extract the area of interest.

<div id="horton01_16" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">

Figure 8. Example of the layer of the area of interest extracted with the command Geometry to Features.

The Processing Toolbox contains some different versions of the clipping tool. You can visualize all of them just typing the word clip in the search box of the Processing Toolbox window. <div id="horton01_07" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">



Figure 9. Search for the different possibilities of clipping operations in the Processing Toolbox.

In particular we are interested in clipping both raster and vector layers and therefore we will use:

Raster Tools → Extract → Clip by Extent
 * for raster layers:

The tool requires in input: <ol> <li> Input Raster layer: selects the raster layer to clip from the list of the raster layers available in the Map </li> <li> Extent: a reference for the boundaries of the clipping area, click the at the end of the line to choose how to select it: <ul> <li> Current Extent of the Map </li> <li> Full Extent of the Map </li> <li> Layer’s Extent: selects the layer of the area_of_interest </li></ul> </li> <li> Output Raster: the path and name of the output raster layer. </li></ol> <div id="horton01_08" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">



Figure 10. Execution of the Clip by Extent command for the projected raster of the DTM.

General Tools → Extract → Clip With Polygon Geometry The tool requires in input: <ol> <li> Input Feature layer: select the vector layer to clip from the list of the vector layers available in the Map </li> <li> Clip Polygon Geometry (WKT): a reference for the boundaries of the clipping area, click the at the end of the line to choose how to select it: <ul> <li> Point </li> <li> LineString: selects the boundary from the area_of_interest Layer’s Extent </li> <li> Polygon: then selects the polygon from the area_of_interest Layer’s Extent </li> <li> Geometry from Layers…​: select the layer and feature ID of the polygon to use for delimiting the new vector layer </li></ul> </li> <li> Output Features: the path and name of the output vector layer. </li></ol>
 * for vector layers:

<div id="horton01_09" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">



Figure 11. Execution of the Clip With Polygon Geometry command for the projected vector of the landuse.

<div id="horton01_10" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">

Figure 12. Execution of the Clip With Polygon Geometry command for the projected vector of the landuse, select the geometry picker.

To go on with the tutorial please clip using the same tools as used for DTM and landuse, respectively for raster and vector layers, also the other following layers (take care to use the reprojected ones):
 * Landsat8 images of band 4 and 5: LC08_L1TP_116034_20160519_20170324_01_T1_B4.TIF and LC08_L1TP_116034_20160519_20170324_01_T1_B5.TIF
 * osm_natural_utm
 * osm_waterways_utm
 * osm_water_a_utm
 * osm_roads_utm.

After clipping all the layers you can delete the original layers from the Layers view. The final configuration of the application and data should be like the one in the next image. <div id="procToolbox01_10" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">



Figure 13. Configuration of the uDig application after the preliminary operations.

SetNull sets specific values in the raster layer to assign to NoData. This tool works only for raster layers and it allows the user to set the cell with certain values to NoData (not valid). Doing this, these cells will be automatically excluded from further elaborations on the raster maps like statistical analysis or during the evaluation of spatial indexes.

To query single values of the raster layers or to display the attributes of specific features of vector layers please use the info tool of uDig available in the Palette of the Map view.

To set the value of 0.0 of the Landsat8 images to NoData you can use the SetNull tool available in: Raster Tools → Conditional → Set Null

The tool requires in input: <div id="horton01_11" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">
 * 1) Input Raster layer: select the raster layer of which to set the NoData values from the list of the raster layers available in the Map
 * 2) Band index (optional): optional value of band index to use for multiple band layers, otherwise leave it at 0
 * 3) NoData Filert Expression: expression used by the software to identify the NoData values in the layer, click on the 00_question_mark.png at the end of the line to choose how to define it.
 * 4) Replace NoData (optional): flag to identify if the tool has to work in the standard or in the opposite way, that means replacing NoData values with a valid value
 * 5) New Value (optional): this value is required only if the Replace NoData is activated (Yes) and it represents the new value to assign to previous NoData values
 * 6) Output Raster: the path and name of the output raster layer.



Figure 14. Execution of the Set Null command for the raster of the Landsat8 images.

In our example we have to set the value 0.0 of the Landsat8 images to NoData. This expression is very easy and can be written directly in the NoData Filert Expression as: [Value] = 0.0 In case there is the need to use more advanced expressions to identify the values of a raster map to set to NoData it is possible to use the Query Builder Dialog integrated in the Processing Toolbox just clicking on the button and select: The Query Builder Dialog gives also the possibility to show in the Values section a sample or all the data contained in the selected raster layer clicking on the Sample, or for all values on All button and to Test the expression inserted clicking the specific button at the bottom of the window. <div id="procToolbox01_12" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">
 * Layer: only for testing the expression directly in the Query Builder Dialog
 * Fields: in case of raster layers the only field available is the Value, double click on the item in this section to add it to the query or type Value directly in the text field below
 * Operators: select one of the available operators or directly type it in the text field below
 * SQL where clause: the resulting SQL expression used by the software for filtering the values and assigning the NoData.



Figure 15. The Query builder options of the Set Null command for the raster of the Landsat8 images.

To go on with the tutorial please set the null values to zero using the same Set Null tool for both the raster layers of the Landsat8 images, band 4 and 5: LC08_L1TP_116034_T1_B4_utm_seoul.tif and LC08_L1TP_116034_T1_B5_utm_seoul.tif.

2. Analysis of Landsat raster images
In the field of environmental sciences lot of analysis have to be performed on raster data. In this tutorial we will consider two different kind of raster data: Raster data are continuous data in the format of a matrix of cells (or pixels) organized into rows and columns where each cell contains a value representing the content of the raster. The easiest way to observe the contened values is to use a right style, but if you need some more precise information you have to analyse them. The Spatial Toolbox provides useful tools for analyzing and do elaborations of raster layers. Summary Statistics for Raster is a tool which prints a summary of the main statistics of the selected raster layer. It is available in the section: Raster Tools → Descriptive Statistics double click on the Summary Statistics for Raster entry. The required input parameters are:
 * 1) satellite images (Landsat8)
 * 2) digital elevation maps (DTM) and derived products.

<ol> <li> Input Raster layer: select the raster layer to elaborate from the list of the raster layers available in the Map </li> <li> Crop Geometry (optional): a reference for &quot;clipping&quot; a custom area of the raster layer if you need to extract the information on a subset of the complete raster; click the at the end of the line to choose how to select it: <ul> <li> Point </li> <li> LineString: selects the boundary from the area_of_interest Layer’s Extent </li> <li> Polygon: selects the polygon from the area_of_interest Layer’s Extent </li> <li> Geometry from Layers…​: selects the layer and feature ID of the polygon to use for delimiting the new vector layer </li></ul> </li> <li> Band Index (optional): optional value of band index to use for multiple band layers, otherwise leave it at 0. </li></ol> <div id="procToolbox02_01" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">



Figure 16. Execution of the Summary Statistics for Raster.

The tools evaluates the following statistics: <div id="procToolbox02_02" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">
 * Count: number of valid cells of the raster layer
 * Invalid Count: number of not valid cells or unclassified values
 * Minimum: minimun value of the raster
 * Maximum: maximum value of the raster
 * Range: the entire range of the data content in the raster layer (max - min)
 * Ranges: the available ranges the data content in the raster layer in case of an elaboration on multiple geometries
 * Sum: the sum of the data content in the raster layer
 * Mean: the average of the data content in the raster layer
 * Variance: the variance of the data content in the raster layer
 * Standard Deviation: the standard deviation of the data content in the raster layer
 * Coefficient of Variance: the Relative Standard Deviation of the data content in the raster layer
 * NoData: the value representing the NoData cells in the raster layer.



Figure 17. Output of the Summary Statistics for Raster on the Landsat8 image of Band 5. <div id="procToolbox02_03" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">



Figure 18. Output of the Summary Statistics for Raster on the DTM.

Histogram Raster is a tool which calculates the information to be used to create a histogram of the content of the raster layer. In particular, this tool calculates and prints the number of cells of each different value in the map. These values can be used to display a histogram chart, just select and copy and paste them in a spreadsheet. It is available in the section: Raster Tools → Descriptive Statistics double click on the Histogram raster entry. The required input parameters are:

<ol> <li> Input Raster layer: select the raster layer to elaborate from the list of the raster layers available in the Map </li> <li> Band Index (optional): optional value of band index to use for multiple band layers, otherwise leave it at 0 </li> <li> Crop Geometry (optional): a reference for &quot;clipping&quot; a custom area of the raster layer if you need to extract the information on a subset of the complete raster; click the at the end of the line to choose how to select it: <ul> <li> Point </li> <li> LineString: selects the boundary from the area_of_interest Layer’s Extent </li> <li> Polygon: selects the polygon from the area_of_interest Layer’s Extent </li> <li> Geometry from Layers…​: selects the layer and feature ID of the polygon to use for delimiting the new vector layer. </li></ul> </li></ol>

<div id="procToolbox02_04" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">



Figure 19. Execution of the Histogram Raster.

<div id="procToolbox02_05" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">

Figure 20. Output of the Histogram Raster.

<div id="procToolbox02_06" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">

Figure 21. Graphic output of the Histogram Raster.

Raster Description is a tool which can be used to have a first description of the general metadata of the selected raster. The metadata visualized are: Name, Columns, Rows, Number of Bands, X-Y Cell Size, Pixel Type, Pixel Depth, NoData Value, the whole Extent and the CRS (Coordinate Reference System). This tool gives also the possibility to directly perform Summary Statistics.

<div id="procToolbox02_20" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">

Figure 22. Execution of the Raster Description.

<div id="procToolbox02_21" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">

Figure 23. Output of the Raster Description.

2.1. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
From an ecological and environmental point of view an interesting index which can be calculated from Landsat8 images is the NDVI. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index is a simple graphical indicator that can be used to analyse remote sensing measurements and assess whether there is live green vegetation on the surface of the analysed area. The expression of the NDVI is: \(NDVI={\frac {(NIR-Red)}{(NIR+Red)}}\) The Processing Toolbox contains a module to directly perform this index, it is available in the section: Raster Tools → Math → NDVI

The required input parameters are:
 * 1) Near Infrared Band layer: select the raster layer containing the NIR information from the list of the raster layers available in the Map
 * 2) Near Infrared Band Index: optional value of band index to use for multiple band layers, otherwise leave it at 0
 * 3) Visible Red Band layer: select the raster layer containing the VIS red information from the list of the raster layers available in the Map
 * 4) Red Band Index: optional value of band index to use for multiple band layers, otherwise leave it at 0
 * 5) Output Raster: the path and name of the output raster layer.

The output raster layer will be shown with an homogenious <div id="procToolbox02_07" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">

Figure 24. Execution of the NDVI.

To understand the content of the NDVI map it is recommended to do some statistical analysis on it, please run the modules for Descriptive Statistics on this map as described in the previous paragraph:
 * 1) Summary Statistics for Raster
 * 2) Histogram

Reclassify Raster is used to reassign a value, a range of values, or a list of values in a raster to new output values. Reclassification is useful to assign each value (pixel) of a raster map to a category in a list of predefined categories. In our example NDVI values are in the range from -0.2 to 0.64, but these values are a bit complicated to understand for a wide public, so a reclassification process will be useful. From bibliography studies and without a real validation we can use, for example, the following ranges for reclassification:

Reclassification is available in the section: Raster Tools → Reclass double click on the Reclassify Raster entry. The required input parameters are: <ol> <li> Input Raster layer: select the raster layer to reclassify from the list of the raster layers available in the Map </li> <li> Band Index (optional): optional value of band index to use for multiple band layers, otherwise leave it at 0 </li> <li> Reclass Ranges: the ranges of the different categories in which to assign each value of the raster map; write here the list of categories and intervals or click the at the end of the line to choose how to select it: <ul> <li> Build expression: opens the Expression Builder Dialog where it is possible to insert a formula to assign the values to a class </li> <li> Select Multiple Fields: opens the Multiple Fields Selector where it is possible to select a vector layer and assign the values of the raster layer to a set or to all the different values of one of its fields </li> <li> Select Statistical Fields: opens the Statistics Fields Selector where it is possible to select a vector layer and assign the values of the raster layer to a statistic extraction of the values of one of its fields </li></ul> </li> <li> Retain Missing Values: defines whether missing values in the reclass table maintain their value (true) or get mapped to NoData (false) </li> <li> Output Raster: the path and name of the output raster layer. </li></ol> To use the categories of the table above we can write them directly in the text field of the Reclass Ranges in the form of: -0.2 0.0 0; 0.0 0.05 1; 0.05 0.2 2; 0.2 0.3 3; 0.3 0.4 4; 0.4 0.65 5 <div id="procToolbox02_08" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">

Figure 25. Execution of the Reclassify Raster.

After reclassification the visualization of the NDVI map will be more clear and it is also easier to style it using a Unique Values color table. Other bands of the Landsat8 images are interesting for an ecological point of view, before going on with the next operations please proceed to reclassify also the map of band 5 representing the NIR (Near Infra Red) which is important for ecology studies because healthy plants reflect this frequency. Usually the bright features of this band are parks and other heavily irrigated vegetation. <div id="procToolbox02_09" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">



Figure 26. NDVI map styled after reclassification.

Legend of the visualized layers in uDig is available in the Decoration folder of the catalog. To add the legend to the map go in the Catalog View and scroll until Decoration item is visualized, then click on the arrow before the name to show its content. Double click on Legend to add it directly to the Map View. To define a personalized style for the legend select the Legend layer form the Layers View and access the style editor

<div id="procToolbox02_10" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center"> Figure 27. Access to the Legend item from the Catalog View.

Band Merge is an other interesting tool for analysing satellite data expecially Landsat8 images which are divided into 11 different images. Possible combination of these images can give the user interesting information about the elements on the surface. For example the combination of bands of Red, Green and Blue (RGB) is used to obtain a true color map, useful also for studying aquatic habitats. To do this we can use the Band Merge tool available in: GeoTools Processes → Raster processes double click on the Band Merge entry. The required input parameters are: <ol>

<li> Coverages: select the input raster layers of the different bands to merge from the list of the raster layers available in the Map, click the at the end of the line to select them from the Multiple Layers Selector </li> <li> ROI (optional)(WKT): optional value of the region of interest if you want to run the process on a smallest area rather than all images click the at the end of the line to choose how to select it: <ul> <li> Point </li> <li> LineString: selects the boundary from the area_of_interest Layer’s Extent </li> <li> Polygon: selects the polygon from the area_of_interest Layer’s Extent </li> <li> Geometry from Layers…​: selects the layer and feature ID of the polygon to use for delimiting the new vector layer </li></ul> </li> <li> TransformChoice (optional): choose the transformation to use in case of a transformation of the original input data is needed; insert the expression of the transformation here or click the at the end of the line to choose how to define it: <ul> <li> Build Expression: opens the Expression Builder Dialog to write the transformation using the available tools </li> <li> Select Multiple Fields: opens the Multiple Fields Selector where it is possible to select the fields of a vector layer as parameters of the transformation </li> <li> Select Statistical Fields: opens the Statistics Fields Selector where it is possible to selectthe fields of a vector layer as parameters of the transformation </li></ul> </li> <li> Index (optional): the index used by the TransforChoice parameter needed only if there is a TransforChoice </li> <li> Result: the path and name of the output merged raster layer. </li></ol> <div id="procToolbox02_11" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">

Figure 28. Execution of the Band Merge with the detail of the window were to select the input raster layers of the different bands, The example of the true color map.

Other interesting maps che be evaluated using the merging tools combining the bands: Please proceed in the elaboration of these other maps and try to define different styles of visualization and to identify the differences and the peculiarities of each single map. The following images show some results. <div id="procToolbox02_12" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center"> Figure 29. Visualization of the output true color map of merging bands 2,3,4.
 * bands 5,4,3 to have clearer boundaries of the water bodies and stess the difference of the vegetation types
 * bands 5,6,4 which is crisper than the previous one where different vegetation types can be more clearly defined and land/water interface more clear
 * bands 7,5,3 similar to the previous one but in this case the vegetation appears green
 * bands 6.5.2 specific to visualize agricultural vegetation.

<div id="procToolbox02_13" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center"> Figure 30. Visualization of the output true color map of merging bands 3,4,5.

<div id="procToolbox02_14" class="imageblock" style="text-align: center"> Figure 31. Visualization of the output true color map of merging bands 3,5,7.