Sextante el SIG Extremeño

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SEXTANTE es un sistema de información geográfica (SIG) desarrolado bajo los auspicios del gobierno de la Comunidad Autónoma de Extremadura en España. Pensado para las necesidades del departamento forestal, el software se está convirtiendo, de manera bastante rápida, una herramienta esencial en la gestión espacial de la Extremadura. Sus numerosas funciones de análisis hacen destacar a SEXTANTE por encima de otros softwares de información geográfica.

Introducción
La región de Extremadura presenta unas características naturales variables, con paisajes que van desde la cuenca del Tajo hasta montañas de más de 2400 metros de altitud. En ella están emplazados el Parque Nacional Monfragüe y el Parque Natural Rio Tajo internacional, que dan cabida a casi toda diversidad natural de la región.

En 2004, Victor Olaya, un estudiante de análisis hidrológico y gestión forestal, se puso en contacto con Juan Carlos Giménez, el coordinados del departamento forestal de la Universidad de Plasencia, con la idea de iniciar el desarrollo de un sistema de información geográfica (SIG). Olaya ya había trabajado en proyectos similares como SAGA, que es un SIG de código abierto desarrollado en la Universidad de Göttingen en Alemania. Giménez encontro la idea muy interesante y vió el potencial que dicho software representaría para la región. Tras la presentación del proyecto, el gobierno autonómico decidió incorporar el proyecto SEXTANTE en su departamento forestal. Allí el software fue muy bien recibido, la aplicación que hasta entonces estaba instalada en los sistemas se usaba raramente, y la mayoría de los técnicos no se habían dado cuenta de cómo podía mejorar su productividad empleando herramientas SIG, como las funciones de análisis, que permiten mejorar los informes y las predicciones. Para el departamento forestal, la ventaja principal de SEXTANTE sobre otros SIG era que disponía de un mayor catálogo de funciones de análisis que además se podían extender específicamente según las necesidades futuras.

Organización y marco político
SEXTANTE está siendo programado principalmente por Victor Olaya, con la coordinación y apoyo de Juan Carlos Giménez. Mientras que Olaya tenía experiencia previa en el desarrollo de software de análisis geográfico, Giménez solamente aportaba su experiencia como profesor del departamento forestal, con muy poca experiencia técnica en programación; aún así sus habilidades se complementan. Giménez actua como coordinador del proyecto y gestiona la mayoría de los aspectos administrativos y financieros. Como Giménez trabaja a tiempo completo en la universidad, su colaboración en el proyecto se ve limitada a unas pocas horas a la semana. Por el momento Olaya es la única persona que trabaja a tiempo completo en el proyecto. Está al cargo de desarrollo y del resto de aspectos técnicos del software. Aunque ambos están de acuerdo en que el reducido tamaño del equipo facilita la toma de decisiones, tienen la esperanza de que éste se vea reforzado con nuevas incorporaciones en el futuro.

El proyecto está alojado en la Universidad de Plasencia. Esta universidad tiene muy buenas relaciones con el gobierno local de la Comunidad de Extremadura y han cooperado en diversas ocasiones. Giménez sostiene que las universidades suelen encontrar más fácilmente apoyo para proyectos que el sector privado y que este es también el caso de SEXTANTE. La diversidad de paisajes de Extremadura y amplia variación climática hacen que el departamento forestal necesite una buena herramienta para la obtención y procesado de la información geográfica, que además sea fácilmente adaptable a sus necesidades. En esto radica la fuerza de SEXTANTE, su reducida estructura y las capacidades de Olaya hacen posible adaptar rápidamente el software a requisitos concretos.

Olaya afirma que inicialmente, el software estaba "más enfocado a la gestión forestal, pero que ha cambiado ligéramente su objetivo [...] de forma que ahora se están desarrollando cosas que son útiles para el análisis geográfico en general". según Giménez, hay una serie de aspectos que el gobierno desea que SEXTANTE cubra: principalmente el análisis hidrológico, coordinación en incendios forestales y optimización de masas forestales maderables. En el futuro, Olaya quiere ampliar el proyecto, no solo en lo concerniente al personal, sino también desde el punto de vista del desarrollador, haciendo que la aplicación sea cada vez más relevante a usuarios de otros campos. Un creciente catálogo de funciones de análisis con un rango de aplicación mayor es uno de los objetivos futuros.

Presupuesto y financiación
Gracias a las buenas relaciones entre la universidad y la administración local de Extremadura, y en particular de Giménez con el departamento forestal del gobierno extremeño, dotar de fondos a SEXTANTE no fue una tarea difícil.

El alcance de los fondos se fijó en 66.000€ anuales durante los cuatro primeros años de contrato, empezando en 2004. Actualmente el contrato se ha extendido otros tres años, hasta 2011. SEXTANTE recibe también apoyo financiero del proyecto gvSIG, originario de otra region de España, la Comunidad Valenciana; se trata de una herramienta geográfica menos especializada que SEXTANTE y más enfocada a análisis vectorial (ver los Detalles técnicos más abajo). El apoyo de gvSIG se cifra en 20.000€ al año. La razón de este apoyo es que ambas regiones se benefician del desarrollo de SEXTANTE y que Olaya y Giménez comparten sus mejoras con gvSIG.

En el futuro, el equipo de SEXTANTE espera encontrar nuevas fuentes de financiación, para así poder ampliar el proyecto. Esto implica asegurar la financiación del proyecto, separandose gradualmente de la dependencia del gobierno local. Ya se han dado algunos pasos en ese sentido, dice Giménez, y es optimista.

Aproximadamente el 80% del presupesto se dedica al puesto a tiempo completo de Olaya. Giménez, al estar contratado a tiempo completo por la Universidad de Plasencia, no recibe ningún ingreso extra por su trabajo en SEXTANTE. El 20% de los fondos restantes se dedica a cubrir gastos de viajes a diversas conferencias.

Detalles técnicos
Large parts of SEXTANTE's initial architecture come from SAGA, which is a GIS developed at the University of Göttingen in Germany that has a strong focus on geo-analysis. At the start of the project, Olaya developed an additional 70 analysis modules on the basis of SAGA, which already comprised around 120. At some point it became clear that the capabilities of the SAGA system would no longer meet the needs of the SEXTANTE project, as it was foreseeable that the analytical capabilities of SAGA would not satisfy the specific needs of the regional foresters at some point. A new infrastructure was necessary to further improve the system. At this point, the options were to either continue modifying SAGA, or to take SAGA's analytical algorithms and put implement them on top of a different base. "We took the decision of moving everything from SAGA to gvSIG", which is a powerful GIS developed in the region of Valencia and which is also freely available under the GPL license, Olaya says. "More or less half of the SEXTANTE algorithms have been written from scratch by me, and the other half is just adapted [gvSIG to] from SAGA". Since gvSIG offered the functionality that they needed, but was lacking in some analytical aspects, the move was not only beneficial for SEXTANTE, but equally so for the gvSIG team, as the gvSIG version of SEXTANTE enhanced both systems simultaneously.

The migration to the new base went rather smoothly, Olaya says: "Basically it was just moving the ideas that were in SAGA that were quite good and stable and then adding a couple of things and testing those". Since he had already worked with SAGA and had gained further experience in the early days of the SEXTANTE project, he had the necessary skills to manage the transition. At the moment, SEXTANTE is available as an independent Java library, which enables it not only to be used in the gvSIG framework, but also in other GIS applications.

Even though the project is mainly oriented towards the needs of the local government, its user base is constantly growing, as people from many other fields can also use the software for their purposes and contribute to its development. At the moment there are a several other applications besides gvSIG that use SEXTANTE as a source of geoanalytical components. Examples of this are openJUMP, OrbisGIS and uDig.

Detalles legales
SEXTANTE está desarrollado y distribuido como programa de código abierto bajo licencia GNU General Public License (GPL).

La puesta en marcha del proyecto fue relativamente sencilla, ya que es bastante frecuente para los estamentos locales contratar universidades. Giménez comenta, "no fue necesario ningún tender ni nada parecido y una vez el gobierno regional dio el OK al proyecto, tan solo fueron necesarios pocos pasos burocráticos para recibir subvenciones del proyecto". Giménez dice que poner en marcha tamaño proyecto con una empresa privada en vez de con una universidad hubiera sido mucho más complicado.

Desde el punto de vista financiero, la financiación del proyecto provienen de fuentes regionales, principalmente del gobierno local. Giménez remarca que hay una gran diferencia entre la financiación local y nacional o Europea. Esto último normalmente implica más trabajo de oficina y mayores requerimientos legales. En el caso de SEXTANTE el gobierno local vio rápidamente los beneficios del proyecto cuando les fue presentada la idea, y acordaron la financiación, sin más procedimientos legales.

Impacto en los servicios de gobierno
Before SEXTANTE was introduced to the forestry department, there was little use of computer programs to make the agency's work more efficient Though a software application aiming to facilitate the work of the foresters was already deployed, hardly anyone was actually using it, or knew how to use it. The aim of SEXTANTE was to make more efficient the daily work of the foresters, who were still relying to a large extent on their practical knowledge of nature. Victor Olaya says that "it's been a little difficult for the people from the local government to adapt to the program, as many of them have not used any kind of GIS software, or anything beyond office software, before". However, he sees changes already, as the software is used more widely and the foresters "are getting into it". Giménez explains: "More people are getting to know how to use the program, largely because of the training sessions and direct help from Victor [Olaya] and me". This advice and training is vital. As the program has many functions and options, it is sometimes difficult for the users to find exactly what they want. But once this barrier is overcome, the program can be used much more extensively.

It is the SEXTANTE team's aim to see the foresters use the program on a daily basis. To ensure this, several training sessions as well as lectures and conferences take place that give the users in the government a better understanding of the software, and make them aware of the benefits for their daily work. Although this training was already part of the initial project contract, it plays an even larger role in the project's new three-year contract, which runs until 2011. There will be approximately 15 hours of training for each relevant user as well as the possibility to contact the team for any questions.

Cooperación con otros proyectos
The SEXTANTE team has very good relations with the SAGA GIS team, and there is a frequent exchange of ideas between the two. The two teams have occasional meetings where they can exchange their ideas and present their work. Though the two programs are in competition to some extent, they are aiming at different user groups. The open source nature of both software packages also means that both groups are likely to benefit from this cooperation.

The relations with gvSIG are friendly as well, as both parties contribute to a mutual improvement of their systems. As such, whenever SEXTANTE is being promoted at a conference gvSIG is promoted at the same time, and vice versa. Olaya further says "most users see [SEXTANTE gvSIG and] as a pack", which underlines cooperation between the two programs. Even though the library of SEXTANTE can also be used with other GIS packages, most users actually refer to gvSIG, just as the SEXTANTE team does. There is no competition between the two, since gvSIG is less specialised in its functionality, and SEXTANTE functions as an extension of the software with improved spatial data analysis tools that enhance the capabilities of the system.

The team also is present at the OSOR.eu platform, where it actively participates with the community by frequently updating its status, and offering direct contact with its users. Through this, the project could present itself to a larger community, which is very important for SEXTANTE. An increased number of users provides the team with important feedback, which helps improving the software, and gives them valuable input for new functionalities.

Evaluación
With regard to the way the project has been started and developed over time, both Olaya and Giménez are very confident. Olaya says that since the project is rather small in its financial and organizational dimensions, the open source mechanisms have contributed a lot to its success. The team has tried to keep contact with its users base since the beginning, and users' feedback has guided them substantially in the development of the software. Today the number of users is increasing steadily, and the people that contribute to the development of the software is growing, since the code is freely available. The users that contact the team, Olaya says, come from all over the world; from South America, to other European countries. He describes the development of SEXTANTE until now as a natural success, as it could mature and evolve over time.

Through increasing exchange of ideas and contact with people from all over the world, the project itself is becoming part of a large network of business partners and research institutes, which voice their interest in the software and use it for their own means. The OSOR.EU platform illustrates this networking process very well. This in turn creates more opportunities for the development new functions of the software it. With an eye on funding, networking also is essential for making new contacts and meeting possible partners. Moreover, the software helps other bodies to pursue their work more successfully, which contributes to the growing network of SEXTANTE users. Within the relatively short time of three years, SEXTANTE has found a remarkable user base and has achieved significant recognition.

The freedom Olaya enjoys in the development of SEXTANTE is another important aspect of the project, as this guarantees a wide range of functions and simultaneously extends the user group dramatically. As the algorithms he creates are not only made for the regional foresters but can be used in a wide range of other fields, this ensures SEXTANTE's diversity. Especially with regard to the sustainability of the program, this is an essential aspect. The positive effects eventually can be felt by the government as well, both because of the positive publicity this implies, and due to the new aspects that community-oriented developments can bring for their work. An example of this is that bugs and other issues the software might have are discovered much faster, and so do not affect users for long.

Logros / experiencia adquirida
It was and still is important for the success of the project to be able to grow at a natural pace and to adapt to new possibilities and requirements step by step.

In this respect the initial starting point of SEXTANTE on the SAGA platform can be considered vitally important, as it laid the foundation for SEXTANTE's success on a larger scale. The move to gvSIG was equally important, since more and more users found their way to SEXTANTE, and furthermore it improved the ability for Olaya to develop the software according the needs or the regional foresters.

For the success of the SEXTANTE project, the cooperation with the regional government is essential. As they are not only the main funding partner, but also the most important group of users of the program, SEXTANTE's existence at least at the moment very much depends on them. However, with regard to the programming work Olaya does, the government leaves a lot of leeway, and he can develop functions that go beyond the relevant aspects for the government. Olaya explains that the government has realized that general improvements of the software in the end are also beneficial for the government, not only where functionality is concerned but also for reasons of prestige and publicity, since it helps substantially in developing a program that is used increasingly world wide. In short he summarizes, "the better it is for SEXTANTE, the better it is for them".

Another important factor of SEXTANTE's increasing popularity is its presence at the OSOR.EU platform, where information on the project can be found along with the program and its source code. As OSOR.EU offers a perfect meeting place for those interested in SEXTANTE, and moreover open source GIS in general, this is an important source of feedback. The content is updated frequently, which enables users to keep track of new algorithms and other improvements. Users can read about future development plans and contact Olaya and Giménez directly. For a project such as SEXTANTE the opportunities created through OSOR.EU are an important ingredient for success and popularity.

Planes de futuro
Mirando al futuro, SEXTANTE está tratando de crear una nueva infraestructura y forma de organización para ser capaces de cooperar más con entidades externas y personas. Giménez dice que uno de los puntos críticos que todavía tiene el proyecto es que Olaya está trabajando al 100% en el tema. Esto dificulta que el proyecto pueda llegar a un nivel organizativo más alto, porque esta transformación de infraestructura será necesaria en algun punto. Tan solo con un equipo más grande dedicado al proyecto a tiempo completo SEXTANTE puede crecer en su justa dimensión, explica Giménez.

El crecimiento de SEXTANTE se verá con seguridad en los próximos años, ya que nuevos algoritmos y funciones estan siendo desarrollados constantemente. Aunque muchos objetivos hayan sido conseguidos a día de hoy, en especial en temas forestales, todavía quedan muchos aspectos que Olaya y Giménez están negociando y que en su momento se desarrollaran.

En este sentido, el proyecto es un proceso abierto que no ha llegado a su fin, todavía. Como la financiación para los años posteriores a 2011 no está todavía definida, dado que el contrato con el gobierno local podría no tener continuidad, se deben encontrar nuevas fuentes de financiación. "Maybe in three years all the things they needed are developed, which is why we are looking for further funding resources", Giménez states. Even though no new major funding partner has yet come forward, he is optimistic, as talks with other bodies and institutes are already ongoing.

For a project as small as SEXTANTE, on the one hand it is easier to work and to establish clear aims, but at the same time it is more difficult compared to larger projects to broaden the functionality of the project. It appears thus that expanding the structures of SEXTANTE will be a task for the future, if the team wants the project to grow and to ensure sustainability in the future. The financial aspects are not to be forgotten as well, as its existence mostly depends on the funding of one governmental agency. The SEXTANTE team is well aware of this problematic, and they are working on finding new partners and sources of funding. It further appears that the specialization of the project on the needs of the foresters could be a barrier in this respect, which underlines the necessity to broaden the functionality of the software once more.

Apart from the financial aspects and the need to enlarge the organizational structures of the project, especially Olaya's expertise is an essential ingredient for SEXTANTE's success. His knowledge of the subject matter, but also of technical matters of developing are certainly a prerequisite for the projects existence. This, supported by Giménez' theoretical input, as well as the good contact with users of all sorts- especially the local foresters - enable Olaya to meet the demands of his users directly.

Especially compared to project of larger dimensions SEXTANTE has the advantage that less bureaucracy is involved in their work. Even though the work depends on the funding of the regional government, the software itself is not likely to fall victim to political debates, as it is largely accepted in the government and moreover a rather neutral project, with regard to different political interests. This certainly facilitates the work of the project. Moreover, the effects of the project on the foresters work are largely positive. There is thus broad acceptance, and little controversy about the need for a software like SEXTANTE.

Enlaces

 * SEXTANTE
 * gvSIG
 * OSOR Forge: SEXTANTE
 * SAGA
 * OSOR GIS Software Community

= Notas sobre el caso de estudio = Este caso de estudio es propiedad del Open Source Observatory and Repository (OSOR), un proyecto del IDABC project de la Comisión Europea.

Author: Gregor Bierhals, UNU-MERIT

Traductor: Pedro-Juan Ferrer,Estela Llorente

El estudio está basado en las entrevistas con el desarrollador principal de SEXTANTE, Victor Olaya, y el coordinador del proyecto Juan Carlos Giménez de la Universidad de Placencia.